Trauma and the Developing Brain

Photo by David Matos on Unsplash

Childhood trauma does horrendous things to a child’s mind, body, and psyche. Why? What does it change in the developing brain, and how? This article shall explore neurotransmitters and how they affect the different brain regions of a child and how these effects can be felt into adulthood. We shall also examine other factors that can lead to a child developing a mental health disorder that persists into adulthood.

What are Neurotransmitters?

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that carry signals between brain cells (neurons) and other cells throughout the body. These chemicals affect a wide range of both physical and psychological functions and keep our brains and bodies functioning. Neurotransmitters are vital to controlling everything from our heartbeat to our ability to learn properly.

For neurons to send messages to the body, they need to communicate with one another, and they do this by using a tiny gap called the synapse. This gap is where the signal from one cell (neuron) is transmitted to another through a process known as neurotransmission.

Neurotransmission involves a neurotransmitter being released from an axon terminal via small sacs full of neurotransmitters called vesicles. These vesicles then traverse the gap between the neurons to be taken up by the receptors on the neighboring cell. The neurotransmitter, after it has attached to the other neuron, will either excite or inhibit the receiving neuron. What it does depends upon the neurotransmitter and whether the neighboring cell accepts (uptakes) it.

The Role of Cortisol and Toxic Stress

Cortisol is a steroid from the adrenal glands that is released into the bloodstream to help the body respond to stress or danger. Cortisol has many functions, and having the right balance is critical for human health.

Some of the functions cortisol play in the body include:

· Helps the body respond to stress or danger

· Increases the body’s metabolism of glucose

· Reduces inflammation

· Controls blood pressure

The hormone cortisol is vital for the fight or flight response, which keeps a person safe…